| anstoss |
stimulus |
Fichte |
| bund |
secondary community |
|
| conceptualism |
universals are concepts/ ideas in the
mind. They have no reality nor existence independent or outside of the head. |
|
| dialectic |
in general terms the dialectic refers
to the dynamic relationship between being and consciousness |
dialectics |
| entausserung |
alienation |
|
| ethnography |
ethnography is a major research technique
in anthropology but it is also used increasingly in sociological disciplines.
As a methodology of research its rise is closely linked to the broad process
that reached a head in the 1960's where overarching theoretical schemas
of understanding - whether positivist, Marxist or otherwise - were politically
and intellectually discredited. Ethnography tries to improve on other sociological
methods in two major ways. The ethnographer researchs a small section of
society in situ, that is to say within the social environment of
the subject. The researcher tries to give a detailed expression to the motivations
and self-understanding of actors... Secondly the ethnographer generally
believes theoretical sociology to give inadequate criteria of evaluation
of social life to the extent that part of his role is to revise the general
sociological understanding through the deeply involved description of individual's
and individual communities' social experience. |
figures:
Bronislav Malinowski, Clifford Geertz
(articles)
|
| ethnomethodology |
ethnomethodology studies the common-sense
reasoning involved in everyday life and aims to understand how people themselves
account for their social world. It pays particular attention to the analysis
of conversation and what it reveals about the shared assumptions of actors
and the importance of context. One of the techniques of ethnomethodology
has been the attempt to disrupt the smooth functioning of a social institution,
these psychological 'breaching experiements' developed by Garfinkel aimed
to show the tenterhooks on which meaningful realities were construed. |
Garfinkel, Sachs |
| gemeinschaft |
community |
|
| gesellschaft |
society, contractual society |
|
| legitimacy.
legitimation |
Legitmation is the process whereby
the right to rule is bestowed upon an authority. legitimate means rightful
thus refering generally to institutional authority that rests upon having
fulfilled what is deemed the correct criteria for the position it assumes.
Legitmation thus also refers to a political process dedicated
to the (mainly ideological) perpetuation of the process, or the dominant
agents within the process itself.
When something is legitmate,
it is allowed, permitted and potentially even legally defended. A legitmate
move in a game is one permitted by the rules, or eve tactically permissible
whilst morally reprehensible.Compliance with the law, is quintessentially
legitimacy. But legitimacy refers equally to non- prescribed, or non-
formalised types of laws. An illegitimate child, a bastard, is born out
of wedlock, outside of the law. A lawyer's objection or somebody's criticism
can be considered illegitimate, that is: contrary to custom and law.
|
Habermas
Lyotard |
| nominalism |
objects possessing the same universal
resemble one another. Universals do not exist independently of their instances. |
|
| ontic |
relating to facts about actual entities. |
|
| Operaismo, workerism |
a social and political movement that
arose during Italy's post-war industrialisation. It places the socio-economic
power of the worker in a position central to historical change. |
Operaismo
-- by Matheron
|
| positivism |
positivism is the theoretical approach
to society that believes it should be studied according to the laws of the
physical sciences. This does not necessarily mean that society functions
according to the same principles as the natural world. |
August
Comte |
| realism |
universals have reality distinct
from instances, universals exist separately from the particulars possessing
them.
|
|
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|
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